Operators and Expressions in CPP

operators_in_cpp


Operators and Expressions in C++

In C++, operators allow you to perform calculations, make decisions, and manipulate data. Expressions are combinations of values, variables, and operators that produce a new value. Let's explore the different types of operators and see them in action.

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators perform basic mathematical operations:

  • + (Addition): Adds two values. Example: a + b
  • - (Subtraction): Subtracts the second value from the first. Example: a - b
  • * (Multiplication): Multiplies two values. Example: a * b
  • / (Division): Divides the first value by the second. Example: a / b
  • % (Modulus): Gives the remainder of a division. Example: a % b (only for integers)

Real-Life Example: Calculating the total cost of items in a shopping cart.

arithmetic operator
This program calculates the total cost by multiplying the quantity and price per item.

Relational Operators

Relational operators compare values and return true or false:

  • == (Equal to): Checks if two values are equal.
  • != (Not equal to): Checks if two values are not equal.
  • > (Greater than): Checks if the first value is greater.
  • < (Less than): Checks if the first value is less.
  • >= (Greater than or equal to): Checks if the first value is greater or equal.
  • <= (Less than or equal to): Checks if the first value is less or equal.

Real-Life Example: Determining if a student has passed a test.

Relational operator

Here, >= checks if the student’s score meets the passing score.


Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine multiple conditions:

  • && (Logical AND): Returns true if both conditions are true.
  • || (Logical OR): Returns true if at least one condition is true.
  • ! (Logical NOT): Reverses the result of the condition.

Real-Life Example: Checking if a user is eligible for a senior discount.

logical operator
The program uses && to check both age and membership status.


Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on the binary representation of numbers:

  • & (AND): Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1.
  • | (OR): Sets each bit to 1 if one of the bits is 1.
  • ^ (XOR): Sets each bit to 1 if only one of the bits is 1.
  • ~ (NOT): Inverts all the bits.
  • << (Left shift): Shifts bits to the left.
  • >> (Right shift): Shifts bits to the right.

Real-Life Example: In encryption, bitwise XOR is often used to scramble data.

bitwise operator

The bitwise XOR ^ encrypts and decrypts data when applied with the same key.


Assignment and Compound Assignment Operators

Assignment operators assign values to variables:

  • = (Simple Assignment): Assigns the right-hand value to the variable.
  • Compound Assignment: Combines an operation with assignment.
    • +=: Adds and assigns. Example: x += 5; (equivalent to x = x + 5;)
    • -=: Subtracts and assigns. Example: y -= 2;
    • *=: Multiplies and assigns. Example: z *= 3;
    • /=: Divides and assigns. Example: w /= 4;
    • %=: Modulus and assigns. Example: a %= 5;

Real-Life Example: Adjusting a bank account balance after a deposit.

assignment operator
The += operator is used to add the deposit amount to the balance.


Increment and Decrement Operators

Increment and decrement operators increase or decrease a variable’s value by 1:

  • ++ (Increment): Increases value by 1. Example: count++
  • -- (Decrement): Decreases value by 1. Example: count--

These can be used in two forms:

  • Prefix: ++count (increments before using the value).
  • Postfix: count++ (increments after using the value).

Real-Life Example: Counting down items left in inventory.

increment operator
In this example, itemsLeft-- decreases the item count after displaying the initial count.


Operator Precedence and Associativity

Operators have a predefined precedence, which determines the order in which operations are performed. Associativity defines the direction in which operators of the same precedence level are evaluated (left-to-right or right-to-left).

Example: Consider the following expression:

precedence

Here, 3 * 2 is evaluated first, then added to 10, giving result = 16.

Real-Life Example: Consider calculating a final price after adding tax and applying a discount.

precedence and association

This program first applies tax, then a discount, demonstrating the order of operations.

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