1. What is the purpose of port numbers in the Transport layer?
A) Identify network devices
B) Identify applications or services
C) Determine packet routing
D) Encrypt data
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2. What is a socket address?
A) IP address and port number
B) MAC address and port number
C) IP address and MAC address
D) Port number and protocol
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3. What is the range of well-known port numbers?
A) 0-255
B) 0-512
C) 0-1023
D) 0-2048
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4. What is the range of registered port numbers?
A) 1024-9999
B) 1024-49151
C) 1024-65535
D) 1024-32767
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5. What is the range of dynamic or private port numbers?
A) 1024-65535
B) 32768-65535
C) 49152-65535
D) 50000-65535
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6. What does UDP stand for?
A) User Datagram Protocol
B) Universal Data Protocol
C) Unified Datagram Protocol
D) Unidirectional Data Protocol
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7. What does TCP stand for?
A) Transfer Control Protocol
B) Transmission Control Protocol
C) Transport Connection Protocol
D) Terminal Control Protocol
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8. Which characteristic describes UDP?
A) Connection-oriented
B) Reliable delivery
C) Connectionless
D) Flow control
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9. Which characteristic describes TCP?
A) Connection-oriented
B) Connectionless
C) Unreliable delivery
D) No flow control
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10. Which protocol provides reliable data delivery?
A) UDP
B) TCP
C) IP
D) ICMP
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11. Which protocol is faster for data transmission?
A) UDP
B) TCP
C) Both are equally fast
D) Depends on the network
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12. What are the three steps in TCP's 3-way handshake?
A) Request, Confirm, Acknowledge
B) Start, Connect, Confirm
C) SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK
D) Open, Connect, Confirm
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13. What is the purpose of TCP's 3-way handshake?
A) Data encryption
B) Connection establishment
C) Error detection
D) Flow control
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14. How many steps are in TCP's connection termination process?
A) 4 steps
B) 3 steps
C) 2 steps
D) 1 step
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15. What is congestion control in TCP?
A) Error detection mechanism
B) Preventing network overload
C) Connection establishment
D) Data encryption
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16. What is flow control in TCP?
A) Preventing network overload
B) Error detection mechanism
C) Preventing receiver overflow
D) Connection establishment
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17. Which mechanism does TCP use for flow control?
A) Sliding window
B) Stop-and-wait
C) Token bucket
D) Leaky bucket
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18. What does the TCP window size determine?
A) Maximum segment size
B) Amount of unacknowledged data
C) Connection timeout
D) Packet size
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19. What is the purpose of sequence numbers in TCP?
A) Error detection
B) Flow control
C) Ordering of segments
D) Congestion control
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20. What is the purpose of acknowledgment numbers in TCP?
A) Indicate received data
B) Error detection
C) Flow control
D) Congestion control
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21. How does TCP detect errors in transmitted data?
A) Parity bit
B) Checksum
C) CRC
D) Hamming code
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22. Does UDP provide error detection?
A) No
B) Yes, with CRC
C) Yes, with checksum
D) Yes, with parity bit
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23. Which protocol is better suited for real-time applications?
A) UDP
B) TCP
C) Both equally
D) Neither
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24. Which protocol is better suited for file transfers?
A) UDP
B) TCP
C) Both equally
D) Neither
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25. What does QoS stand for?
A) Query of Service
B) Quantity of Service
C) Quality of Service
D) Quota of Service
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26. What is the main purpose of QoS?
A) Prioritize network traffic
B) Increase network speed
C) Encrypt data
D) Detect network errors
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27. Which are the main QoS parameters?
A) Speed, reliability, security
B) Bandwidth, delay, jitter, packet loss
C) Throughput, connectivity, availability
D) Latency, security, reliability
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28. What is traffic shaping in QoS?
A) Encrypting traffic
B) Blocking unwanted traffic
C) Controlling traffic rate
D) Routing traffic
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29. What is traffic policing in QoS?
A) Monitoring and limiting traffic
B) Encrypting traffic
C) Routing traffic
D) Analyzing traffic patterns
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30. What is jitter in networking?
A) Packet loss
B) Variation in packet delay
C) Network congestion
D) Bandwidth limitation
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31. What is latency in networking?
A) Packet loss
B) Variation in packet delay
C) Packet travel time
D) Bandwidth limitation
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32. What is throughput in networking?
A) Actual data transfer rate
B) Maximum possible bandwidth
C) Packet travel time
D) Variation in packet delay
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33. What is bandwidth in networking?
A) Actual data transfer rate
B) Maximum theoretical capacity
C) Packet travel time
D) Variation in packet delay
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34. What is TCP slow start?
A) Delayed connection establishment
B) Reduced transmission speed
C) Gradually increasing congestion window
D) Slow acknowledgment process
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35. What is TCP congestion avoidance?
A) Adjusting window size to prevent congestion
B) Dropping packets when congested
C) Rerouting traffic around congestion
D) Delaying packet transmission
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36. What is TCP fast retransmit?
A) Rapid connection establishment
B) Quickly resending lost segments
C) Accelerated data transmission
D) Expedited acknowledgment
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37. What is TCP fast recovery?
A) Quick connection reestablishment
B) Rapid bandwidth restoration
C) Avoiding slow start after packet loss
D) Expedited error correction
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38. How does TCP detect packet loss?
A) Duplicate ACKs or timeout
B) ICMP messages
C) Error detection codes
D) Negative acknowledgments
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39. What is the purpose of TCP's retransmission timeout (RTO)?
A) Connection establishment
B) Detecting lost packets
C) Flow control
D) Connection termination
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40. What is TCP's Maximum Segment Size (MSS)?
A) Maximum window size
B) Maximum packet size
C) Maximum data bytes in a segment
D) Maximum connection time
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41. What is the Nagle algorithm in TCP?
A) Reduces small packet transmission
B) Increases transmission speed
C) Improves error detection
D) Enhances security
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42. What is TCP delayed acknowledgment?
A) Slow connection establishment
B) Waiting before sending ACKs
C) Delayed data transmission
D) Postponed connection termination
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43. What is TCP selective acknowledgment (SACK)?
A) Acknowledging only important packets
B) Prioritizing certain acknowledgments
C) Acknowledging non-contiguous data blocks
D) Selective encryption of acknowledgments
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44. What is TCP window scaling?
A) Allowing larger window sizes
B) Dynamically adjusting window size
C) Reducing window size
D) Window size encryption
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45. What is the purpose of TCP timestamps?
A) Record connection duration
B) Calculate round-trip time
C) Synchronize clocks
D) Record packet creation time
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46. What is DiffServ in QoS?
A) Different services protocol
B) Differential service provider
C) Differentiated Services architecture
D) Distributed service framework
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47. What is IntServ in QoS?
A) Integrated Services model
B) Internal Service protocol
C) Internet Service provider
D) Interconnected Services
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48. What does RSVP stand for in QoS?
A) Rapid Service Verification Protocol
B) Resource Reservation Protocol
C) Reliable Service Validation Protocol
D) Remote Service Verification Protocol
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49. What is the leaky bucket algorithm used for?
A) Error detection
B) Congestion notification
C) Traffic shaping
D) Packet routing
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50. What is the token bucket algorithm used for?
A) Traffic policing and shaping
B) Error correction
C) Packet routing
D) Congestion notification
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