1. What is the range of the first octet in Class A IP addresses?
A) 1-126
B) 128-191
C) 192-223
D) 224-239
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2. What is the range of the first octet in Class B IP addresses?
A) 1-126
B) 128-191
C) 192-223
D) 224-239
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3. What is the range of the first octet in Class C IP addresses?
A) 1-126
B) 128-191
C) 192-223
D) 224-239
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4. What is the default subnet mask for Class A networks?
A) 255.0.0.0
B) 255.255.0.0
C) 255.255.255.0
D) 255.255.255.255
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5. What is the default subnet mask for Class B networks?
A) 255.0.0.0
B) 255.255.0.0
C) 255.255.255.0
D) 255.255.255.255
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6. What is the default subnet mask for Class C networks?
A) 255.0.0.0
B) 255.255.0.0
C) 255.255.255.0
D) 255.255.255.255
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7. Which of the following is a private IP address range?
A) 10.0.0.0/8
B) 8.8.8.0/24
C) 1.1.1.0/24
D) 208.67.222.0/24
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8. Which private IP address range is used for Class B networks?
A) 10.0.0.0/8
B) 172.16.0.0/12
C) 192.168.0.0/16
D) 169.254.0.0/16
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9. Which private IP address range is commonly used for home networks?
A) 10.0.0.0/8
B) 172.16.0.0/12
C) 192.168.0.0/16
D) 169.254.0.0/16
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10. What does NAT stand for?
A) Network Address Translation
B) Network Access Technology
C) Network Authentication Token
D) Network Allocation Table
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11. What is the primary purpose of NAT?
A) Encrypt network traffic
B) Allow private IPs to access the internet
C) Increase network speed
D) Provide network redundancy
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12. What characterizes static routing?
A) Routes are manually configured
B) Routes are automatically learned
C) Routes change dynamically
D) Routes are based on traffic load
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13. What is the main advantage of dynamic routing?
A) Lower CPU usage
B) Automatic route updates
C) Better security
D) Simpler configuration
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14. What metric do distance vector routing protocols primarily use?
A) Hop count
B) Bandwidth
C) Delay
D) Cost
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15. Which protocol is an example of distance vector routing?
A) OSPF
B) RIP
C) BGP
D) IS-IS
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16. What is the maximum hop count in RIP?
A) 10
B) 16
C) 15
D) 20
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17. What characterizes link state routing protocols?
A) Complete topology map
B) Hop count metric
C) Periodic updates only
D) Simple implementation
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18. Which protocol is an example of link state routing?
A) RIP
B) OSPF
C) EIGRP
D) BGP
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19. What metric does OSPF use?
A) Hop count
B) Delay
C) Cost
D) Reliability
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20. When is default routing used?
A) When no specific route exists
B) For high-priority traffic
C) For local network traffic
D) For broadcast messages
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21. How is the default route represented in a routing table?
A) 255.255.255.255/32
B) 0.0.0.0/0
C) 127.0.0.1/8
D) 224.0.0.0/4
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22. What is the count-to-infinity problem?
A) Routing table overflow
B) Packet looping indefinitely
C) Continuous metric incrementation
D) Excessive route flapping
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23. What technique helps prevent routing loops?
A) Split horizon
B) Route aggregation
C) Route filtering
D) Route redistribution
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24. What is poison reverse in routing?
A) Blocking malicious routes
B) Advertising routes with infinite metric
C) Filtering invalid routes
D) Encrypting routing updates
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25. What does CIDR stand for?
A) Common Internet Domain Registry
B) Central IP Domain Routing
C) Classless Inter-Domain Routing
D) Controlled IP Distribution Registry
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26. How is CIDR notation represented?
A) IP address/prefix length
B) IP address-subnet mask
C) Network ID.subnet ID
D) IP class:subnet bits
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27. What is the purpose of subnetting?
A) Increase IP address space
B) Divide networks into smaller networks
C) Combine multiple networks
D) Encrypt network traffic
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28. What is supernetting?
A) Dividing networks
B) Creating virtual networks
C) Combining multiple networks
D) Isolating network segments
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29. What is route aggregation?
A) Combining multiple routes into one
B) Prioritizing certain routes
C) Filtering unwanted routes
D) Creating backup routes
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30. What is the purpose of the loopback address 127.0.0.1?
A) Default gateway
B) Test local TCP/IP stack
C) Broadcast address
D) Network ID
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31. What is the broadcast address for the network 192.168.1.0/24?
A) 192.168.1.0
B) 192.168.1.1
C) 192.168.1.255
D) 192.168.255.255
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32. What is the network address for the host 192.168.10.25/27?
A) 192.168.10.0
B) 192.168.10.1
C) 192.168.10.31
D) 192.168.10.32
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33. How many usable host addresses are available in a /27 subnet?
A) 16
B) 30
C) 32
D) 64
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34. How many usable host addresses are available in a /24 subnet?
A) 128
B) 256
C) 254
D) 255
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35. What does VLSM stand for?
A) Variable Length Subnet Masking
B) Virtual Local Subnet Management
C) Very Large Scale Masking
D) Virtual Link Subnet Method
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36. What is the main advantage of VLSM?
A) Simpler configuration
B) More efficient IP address usage
C) Better security
D) Faster routing
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37. What is an Autonomous System (AS)?
A) Automatic routing system
B) Self-healing network
C) Networks under single administration
D) Automated subnet
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38. Which protocol is used for routing between autonomous systems?
A) OSPF
B) BGP
C) RIP
D) EIGRP
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39. What are routing protocols used within an autonomous system called?
A) Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs)
B) Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs)
C) Border Gateway Protocols (BGPs)
D) Internal Routing Protocols (IRPs)
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40. What are routing protocols used between autonomous systems called?
A) Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs)
B) Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs)
C) Internal Routing Protocols (IRPs)
D) External Routing Protocols (ERPs)
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41. What is administrative distance in routing?
A) Physical distance between routers
B) Number of hops to destination
C) Trustworthiness of routing protocol
D) Bandwidth between routers
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42. Which has the lowest administrative distance?
A) Static route
B) OSPF
C) RIP
D) EIGRP
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43. What is a routing loop?
A) Circular network topology
B) Packets circulating between routers
C) Redundant routing protocol
D) Recursive routing lookup
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44. What prevents packets from circulating indefinitely in routing loops?
A) Checksum
B) Sequence number
C) TTL field
D) Source routing
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45. What is convergence in routing?
A) All routers have consistent information
B) Multiple paths to destination
C) Combining multiple routes
D) Converting between protocols
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46. Which type of routing protocol typically has faster convergence?
A) Distance vector
B) Link state
C) Path vector
D) Static routing
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47. What are triggered updates in routing protocols?
A) Regular periodic updates
B) Updates requiring confirmation
C) Updates sent when changes occur
D) Updates with authentication
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48. What is "routing by rumor"?
A) Trusting information from neighbors
B) Unreliable routing protocol
C) Unofficial routing standard
D) Experimental routing method
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49. Which algorithm is used by OSPF to calculate routes?
A) Bellman-Ford
B) Dijkstra's
C) Distance Vector
D) Floyd-Warshall
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50. Which algorithm is used by RIP to calculate routes?
A) Bellman-Ford
B) Dijkstra's
C) A*
D) Kruskal's
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